Effect of bonded and removable retainers on occlusal settling after orthodontic treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the effectiveness of bonded and removable retainers (the Hawley and Essix retainers) in terms of improving occlusal settling (occlusal contact points/areas) after orthodontic treatment. We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Dental & Oral Sciences Source (DOSS), as well as SIGLE, Google Scholar and ClinicalTrials.gov for eligible studies. We included randomized and non-randomized controlled trials along with cohort studies. Studies that reported occlusal contacts/areas during retention with fixed bonded and removable retainers were included. To assess the quality of the randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the Cochrane Collaboration risk-of-bias (RoB) tool was utilized, whereas the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of cohort studies.We included 6 articles in our systematic review after scrutinizing 219 articles and eliminating the illegible ones based on duplication, titles, abstracts, and objectives. Bonded retainers (BRs) allowed faster and better posterior occlusal settling as compared to the Hawley retainer (HR). However, HR showed good occlusal settling in the anterior dental arch. The Essix retainer (ER) showed a decrease in occlusal contact during the retention phase. Meta-analysis showed no statistically significant difference between BRs and removable retainers. In conclusion, HR allowed better overall occlusal settling as compared to other retainers. However, BRs allowed faster settling in the posterior tooth region. The Essix retainer showed poor settling of occlusion. Overall, there is an insufficient number of high-quality RCTs to provide additional evidence, and further high-quality RCTs are needed.

Functional annotation and comparative analysis of four Botrytis cinerea mitogenomes reported from Punjab, Pakistan.

Botrytis cinerea is one of the top phytopathogenic fungus which ubiquitously cause grey mold on a variety of horticultural plants. The mechanism of respiration in the fungus occurs within the mitochondria. Mitogenomes serve as a key molecular marker for the investigation of fungal evolutionary patterns. This study aimed at the complete assembly, characterization, and comparative relationship of four mitogenomes of Botrytis cinerea strains including Kst5C, Kst14A, Kst32B, Kst33A, respectively. High throughput sequencing of four mitogenomes allowed the full assembly and annotation of these sequences. The total genome length of these 4 isolates Kst5C Kst14A, Kst32B, Kst33A was 69,986 bp, 77,303 bp, 76,204 bp and 55, 226 bp respectively. The distribution of features represented 2 ribosomal RNA genes,14 respiration encoding proteins, 1 mitochondrial ribosomal protein-encoding gene, along with varying numbers of transfer RNA genes, protein-coding genes, mobile intronic regions and homing endonuclease genes including LAGLIDADG and GIY-YIG domains were found in all four mitogenomes. The comparative analyses performed also decipher significant results for four mitogenomes among fungal isolates included in the study. This is the first report on the detailed annotation of mitogenomes as a proof for investigation of variation patterns present with in the B. cinerea causing grey mold on strawberries in Pakistan. This study will also contribute to the rapid evolutionary analysis and population patterns present among Botrytis cinerea.

Soft tissue lasers: An innovative tool enhancing treatment outcomes in orthodontics - A narrative review.

Lasers have been utilised in the field of dentistry for over 40 years, but their use has been limited in the field of orthodontics. The advent of lasers with accompanying computer interfaces has made them significantly user-friendly, adding to their appeal in the orthodontic profession. Knowledge regarding the laser device's capabilities and limitations is essential to optimise patient care and to make a satisfactory investment return. For the effective and successful integration of lasers in orthodontic practice, adequate training is required, limited not only to the orthodontist but the dental assistants and auxiliaries as well. Orthodontists may safely and readily execute gingivectomy, exposure of teeth, frenectomy, circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy, ankyloglossia release and uvulopalatoplasty. The current narrative review was planned to introduce the benefits and general principles of soft tissue lasers in the field of orthodontics and recent surgical research comparing different laser-assisted surgeries against conventional scalpel surgeries.

Knowledge and awareness of dental stem cells among dental healthcare professionals - a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: To assess knowledge and awareness of dental healthcare professionals on dental stem cells. METHODS: A questionnaire survey-based study was conducted using Google forms on a sample of 69 dental healthcare professionals (DHCP) from September - October 2022, after obtaining ethical approval. A validated questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and awareness of dental healthcare professionals on stem cells, which was then divided into three sections. The section A was about demographic statistics, section B assessed knowledge and awareness regarding dental stem cells and section C consisted of 5 score VAS scale to assess the acceptability of future research and increase implication of dental stem cells (DSC) among DHCP. The frequency of each question was reported in percentages. To assess the difference of knowledge and awareness of DSC among different specialties of DHCP, one-way ANOVA test was applied and incase of significant results pairwise comparison was performed by post-hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: Mean scores of knowledge and awareness of DSC among female DHCP were 54.26 ± 11.73 and males were 53.50 ±8.19. There was a statistically significant difference of knowledge (p= 0.02) among different dental healthcare professionals. On pairwise comparison by post-hoc Tukey HSD we found statistically significant difference (p = 0.03) of knowledge and awareness of dental stem cells among general dentists and operative dentistry specialists. CONCLUSIONS: We found poor knowledge and awareness of dental healthcare professionals regarding dental stem cells. However, operative and endodontic specialty had more awareness on dental stem cells as compared to any other specialty. There was positive approach for further future researches on stem cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells and its translation into clinical orthodontics: current trends and future perspectives.

Oral mesenchymal stem cell populations in humans have been discovered in close vicinity to oral mucosal tissues and both primary (deciduous) and secondary (permanent) teeth. All these different kinds of stem cells have the ability to divide and replenish themselves, however they vary in their gene expression profiles and their capacity to give rise to distinct cell lineages. They all have multipotentiality i.e. chondrogenic, osteogenic, adipogenic, and neurogenic. Due to their relative accessibility, these cell types may form a source of stem cells with substantial potential for application in tissue regeneration. In this review, discoveries outlining stem cell potential are discussed on various aspects as, are their various applications in orthodontics i.e. orthodontic tooth movement, fixing external root resorption, correcting craniofacial anomalies, accelerating craniofacial distraction osteogenesis, recreating the TMJ, and ensuring a stable maxillary expansion.

Engineering Optically Active Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Using Focused Ion Beam and Water.

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has emerged as a promising material platform for nanophotonics and quantum sensing, hosting optically active defects with exceptional properties such as high brightness and large spectral tuning. However, precise control over deterministic spatial positioning of emitters in hBN remained elusive for a long time, limiting their proper correlative characterization and applications in hybrid devices. Recently, focused ion beam (FIB) systems proved to be useful to engineer several types of spatially defined emitters with various structural and photophysical properties. Here we systematically explore the physical processes leading to the creation of optically active defects in hBN using FIB and find that beam-substrate interaction plays a key role in the formation of defects. These findings are confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, which reveals local mechanical deterioration of the hBN layers and local amorphization of ion beam irradiated hBN. Additionally, we show that, upon exposure to water, amorphized hBN undergoes a structural and optical transition between two defect types with distinctive emission properties. Moreover, using super-resolution optical microscopy combined with atomic force microscopy, we pinpoint the exact location of emitters within the defect sites, confirming the role of defected edges as primary sources of fluorescent emission. This lays the foundation for FIB-assisted engineering of optically active defects in hBN with high spatial and spectral control for applications ranging from integrated photonics, to nanoscale sensing, and to nanofluidics.

Assessment of mycoviral diversity in Pakistani fungal isolates revealed infection by 11 novel viruses of a single strain of Fusarium mangiferae isolate SP1.

An extensive screening survey was conducted on Pakistani filamentous fungal isolates for the identification of viral infections. A total of 396 fungal samples were screened, of which 36 isolates were found double-stranded (ds) RNA positive with an overall frequency of 9% when analysed by a classical dsRNA isolation method. One of 36 dsRNA-positive strains, strain SP1 of a plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium mangiferae, was subjected to virome analysis. Next-generation sequencing and subsequent completion of the entire genome sequencing by a classical Sanger sequencing method showed the SP1 strain to be co-infected by 11 distinct viruses, at least seven of which should be described as new taxa at the species level according to the ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) species demarcation criteria. The newly identified F. mangiferae viruses (FmVs) include two partitivirids, one betapartitivirus (FmPV1) and one gammapartitivirus (FmPV2); six mitovirids, three unuamitovirus (FmMV2, FmMV4, FmMV6), one duamitovirus (FmMV5), and two unclassified mitovirids (FmMV1, FmMV3); and three botourmiavirids, two magoulivirus (FmBOV1, FmBOV3) and one scleroulivirus (FmBOV2). The number of coinfecting viruses is among the largest ones of fungal coinfections. Their molecular features are thoroughly described here. This represents the first large virus survey in the Indian sub-continent.

Effect of Direct versus Indirect Bonding Technique on the Failure Rate of Mandibular Fixed Retainer-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Fixed retainer failure is a common cause of relapse and may require additional orthodontic treatment. The two main methods for bonding the mandibular fixed retainer include direct and indirect techniques. This topic has not been explored previously in a systematic review. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of direct versus indirect bonding technique on the failure rate of mandibular fixed retainer. METHODS: Online databases (PubMed, Dental and Oral Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus) were systematically searched electronically for articles up until April 2021. Google Scholar and clinicaltrials.gov databases were utilized for hand searching. Randomized, non-randomized clinical trials and cohort studies on human subjects were considered regardless of language or year of publication. Orthodontic patients in their retention phase (mandibular 3×3 fixed retainer), in which the retainer was bonded using direct bonding technique as control and indirect as intervention were included. The outcome assessed was retainer failure rate. Two authors independently examined and extracted the data from the studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias in clinical trials was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool, whereas risk of bias in cohort studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The meta-analysis was conducted using the RevMan software V.5.3.5.22. The outcome was estimated using weighted average difference and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The studies' heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane's heterogeneity test (I2 Test). RESULTS: Four articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in qualitative and quantitative synthesis. Retainer failure rates were analysed in a total number of 266 patients bonded with mandibular 3×3 retainers after orthodontic therapy. Direct bonding technique of fixed retainer on 131 patients was compared with indirect technique on 135 patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of retainer failure between the two methods (95% CI, 0.67, 1.40). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of insufficient evidence this systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that there is no difference in the failure rate of mandibular fixed retainers between direct and indirect bonding techniques. Due to the scarcity of available data, further studies are needed to establish definitively one's clinical benefit over the other.

WITHDRAWN: Cephalometric predictors of optimal soft tissue profile outcomes in growing Asian skeletal class II subjects treated with twin-block appliance: a retrospective study.

Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.

Cephalometric predictors for optimal soft tissue profile outcome in adult Asian class I subjects treated via extraction and non-extraction. A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this retrospective study was to identify cephalometric predictors associated with favourable soft tissue profile outcomes after premolars extraction and non-extraction in class I malocclusion subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 80 subjects, treated with non-extraction and premolars extraction (40 subjects each), were equally divided into favourable (FG) and unfavourable (UFG) groups using subjective and objective soft tissue profile outcome assessment methods. An independent t-test was utilized for the comparison of cephalometric measurements between the non-extraction (NE) and premolars extraction (PME) treatment modalities. Cox proportional hazard algorithm regression analysis was performed to identify cephalometric factors associated with favourable soft tissue outcomes. RESULTS: The pre-treatment mean age of the NE group was 20.2±2.3 and PME group was 20.2±2.5 years. After dividing the sample of the NE and PME groups according to subjective and objective soft-tissue outcome assessment criteria, FG and UFG consisted of 20 subjects each. Cox proportional hazard algorithm regression analysis found upper incisor to NA angle (95% CI: 1.033, 1.196) to be associated with FG in NE and upper incisor to SN (95% CI: 1.018, 1.206) and ANB angle (95% CI:1.165, 3.608) in PME. There was a statistically significant strong correlation between subjective and objective evaluation methods (P≤0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Cephalometric analysis is a valuable tool to predict soft-tissue outcomes after NE and PME. Increased upper incisors inclinations at the start of NE treatment result in favourable soft tissue profile outcomes. Slightly convex profile and proclined maxillary incisors are the predictors of favourable soft tissue profile outcome after PME. There was a statistically significant association between subjective and objective evaluation criteria of soft tissue outcomes.

Structural Order of the Molecular Adlayer Impacts the Stability of Nanoparticle-on-Mirror Plasmonic Cavities.

Immense field enhancement and nanoscale confinement of light are possible within nanoparticle-on-mirror (NPoM) plasmonic resonators, which enable novel optically activated physical and chemical phenomena and render these nanocavities greatly sensitive to minute structural changes, down to the atomic scale. Although a few of these structural parameters, primarily linked to the nanoparticle and the mirror morphology, have been identified, the impact of molecular assembly and organization of the spacer layer between them has often been left uncharacterized. Here, we experimentally investigate how the complex and reconfigurable nature of a thiol-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) adsorbed on the mirror surface impacts the optical properties of the NPoMs. We fabricate NPoMs with distinct molecular organizations by controlling the incubation time of the mirror in the thiol solution. Afterward, we investigate the structural changes that occur under laser irradiation by tracking the bonding dipole plasmon mode, while also monitoring Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering from the molecules as a probe of their integrity. First, we find an effective decrease in the SAM height as the laser power increases, compatible with an irreversible change of molecule orientation caused by heating. Second, we observe that the nanocavities prepared with a densely packed and more ordered monolayer of molecules are more prone to changes in their resonance compared to samples with sparser and more disordered SAMs. Our measurements indicate that molecular orientation and packing on the mirror surface play a key role in determining the stability of NPoM structures and hence highlight the under-recognized significance of SAM characterization in the development of NPoM-based applications.

Intrinsic luminescence blinking from plasmonic nanojunctions.

Plasmonic nanojunctions, consisting of adjacent metal structures with nanometre gaps, can support localised plasmon resonances that boost light matter interactions and concentrate electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale. In this regime, the optical response of the system is governed by poorly understood dynamical phenomena at the frontier between the bulk, molecular and atomic scales. Here, we report ubiquitous spectral fluctuations in the intrinsic light emission from photo-excited gold nanojunctions, which we attribute to the light-induced formation of domain boundaries and quantum-confined emitters inside the noble metal. Our data suggest that photoexcited carriers and gold adatom - molecule interactions play key roles in triggering luminescence blinking. Surprisingly, this internal restructuring of the metal has no measurable impact on the Raman signal and scattering spectrum of the plasmonic cavity. Our findings demonstrate that metal luminescence offers a valuable proxy to investigate atomic fluctuations in plasmonic cavities, complementary to other optical and electrical techniques.

The cancer testis antigens CABYR-a/b and CABYR-c are expressed in a subset of colorectal cancers and hold promise as targets for specific immunotherapy.

INTRODUCTION: Calcium-binding tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated protein (CABYR) is expressed in the human germ line but not in adult human tissues, thus, it is considered a cancer testis protein. The aim of this study is to evaluate the CABYR isoforms: a/b and c mRNA expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to determine if these proteins hold promise as vaccine targets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CABYR mRNA expression in a set of normal human tissues, including the testis, were determined and compared using semi-quantitative PCR. As regards the tumor and normal mucosal samples from study patients, RNA was extracted and cDNA generated after which quantitative PCR was carried out. Analysis of CABYR protein expressions by immunohistochemistry in tumor and normal colon tissues was also performed. RESULTS: A total of 47 paired CRC and normal tissue specimens were studied. The percent of patients with a relative expression ratio of malignant to normal (M/N) tissues over 1 was 70% for CABYR a/b and 72% for CABYR c. The percent with both a M/N ratio over 1 and expression levels over 0.1% of testis was 23.4% for CABYR-a/b and 25.5% for CABYR c. CABYR expression in tumors was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: CABYR a/b and c hold promise as specific immunotherapy targets, however, a larger and more diverse group of tumors (Stage 1-4) needs to be assessed and evaluation of blood for anti-CABYR antibodies is needed to pursue this concept.

Comparing the effectiveness of Mulligan mobilization versus Cyriax approach in the management of patients with subacute lateral epicondylitis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness of Mulligan mobilisation versus Cyriax approach in the management of patients with subacute lateral epicondylitis. METHODS: The clinical trial was conducted at the District Headquarter Hospital, Bahawalnagar, Pakistan, from September to December 2018, and comprised lateral epicondylitis patients having symptoms for >2 weeks. The diagnosis was confirmed on the basis of physical tests and musculoskeletal ultrasound. The subjects were randomly allocated to two equal groups A and B. Group A received deep transverse friction and Mill's manipulation according to Cyriax approach, while group B received Mulligan mobilisation with movement techniques. Patient-related tennis elbow evaluation index was used to collect data which was analysed using SPSS 20. RESULTS: Of the 60 patients, there were 30(50%) in each of the two groups. The overall mean age was 35.27±7.30 years, and 38(63.3%) participants were male. After 4 weeks of treatment sessions, both groups showed significant improvements (p<0.05) in pain and functional disability scores. Group A showed significantly more improvement (p<0.05) in pain subscale scores compared to group B, while group B showed significant improvement (p<0.05) in functional disability subscale scores compared to group A. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the groups on total the patient-related tennis elbow evaluation index score. CONCLUSIONS: Both Mulligan mobilisation with movement and Cyriax approach decreased pain and improved functional status in lateral epicondylitis patients.

Sustainable Management of Organic Wastes in Sharjah, UAE through Co-Composting.

Daily human activities and vast green areas produce substantial amounts of organic wastes that end up in landfills with minimal treatment. In addition to the problems associated with landfills, disposal through this method is unsustainable in the long run and does not allow recovering materials from the waste. This paper focuses on the co-composting of different organic wastes produced in The Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE), to optimize mixing proportions of three different kinds of wastes-sewage sludge (SS), green waste (GW), and food waste (FW). All three organic wastes were analyzed to determine their chemical composition and the mixing proportions. Ten different mixing proportions as a function of carbon:nitrogen (C:N ratios) were determined and mixed in a NatureMill composter. Compost samples were tested for pH, salinity, conductivity, moisture content, organic matter, organic carbon, phosphorus, total nitrogen, and final C:N ratio after 6 weeks. Results indicate that a period of 5-6 weeks is sufficient for the compost to stabilize. The varying mixing proportions produced a good-quality compost (C:N up to 20:1) with high nutrient content. The study reaffirms that co-composting can be a potential sustainable organic waste management option for the United Arab Emirates.

Updates to Binding MOAD (Mother of All Databases): Polypharmacology Tools and Their Utility in Drug Repurposing.

The goal of Binding MOAD is to provide users with a data set focused on high-quality x-ray crystal structures that have been solved with biologically relevant ligands bound. Where available, experimental binding affinities (Ka, Kd, Ki, IC50) are provided from the primary literature of the crystal structure. The database has been updated regularly since 2005, and this most recent update has added nearly 7000 new structures (growth of 21%). MOAD currently contains 32,747 structures, composed of 9117 protein families and 16,044 unique ligands. The data are freely available on www.BindingMOAD.org. This paper outlines updates to the data in Binding MOAD as well as improvements made to both the website and its contents. The NGL viewer has been added to improve visualization of the ligands and protein structures. MarvinJS has been implemented, over the outdated MarvinView, to work with JChem for small molecule searching in the database. To add tools for predicting polypharmacology, we have added information about sequence, binding-site, and ligand similarity between entries in the database. A main premise behind polypharmacology is that similar binding sites will bind similar ligands. The large amount of protein-ligand information available in Binding MOAD allows us to compute pairwise ligand and binding-site similarities. Lists of similar ligands and similar binding sites have been added to allow users to identify potential polypharmacology pairs. To show the utility of the polypharmacology data, we detail a few examples from Binding MOAD of drug repurposing targets with their respective similarities.

Experimental microdissection enables functional harmonisation of pancreatic cancer subtypes.

OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has among the highest stromal fractions of any cancer and this has complicated attempts at expression-based molecular classification. The goal of this work is to profile purified samples of human PDA epithelium and stroma and examine their respective contributions to gene expression in bulk PDA samples. DESIGN: We used laser capture microdissection (LCM) and RNA sequencing to profile the expression of 60 matched pairs of human PDA malignant epithelium and stroma samples. We then used these data to train a computational model that allowed us to infer tissue composition and generate virtual compartment-specific expression profiles from bulk gene expression cohorts. RESULTS: Our analysis found significant variation in the tissue composition of pancreatic tumours from different public cohorts. Computational removal of stromal gene expression resulted in the reclassification of some tumours, reconciling functional differences between different cohorts. Furthermore, we established a novel classification signature from a total of 110 purified human PDA stroma samples, finding two groups that differ in the extracellular matrix-associated and immune-associated processes. Lastly, a systematic evaluation of cross-compartment subtypes spanning four patient cohorts indicated partial dependence between epithelial and stromal molecular subtypes. CONCLUSION: Our findings add clarity to the nature and number of molecular subtypes in PDA, expand our understanding of global transcriptional programmes in the stroma and harmonise the results of molecular subtyping efforts across independent cohorts.

Obesity-associated Breast Inflammation among Hispanic/Latina Breast Cancer Patients.

Breast white adipose tissue inflammation (BWATi) is associated with obesity and higher breast cancer risk among non-Hispanic white women. Obesity is prevalent in Hispanic/Latina patients with breast cancer, and the occurrence of BWATi in this population is not well-characterized. The association between BWATi and body mass index (BMI) was evaluated in Hispanic/Latina patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy. BWATi was defined as the presence of crown-like structures of the breast (CLS-B), detected by CD68 IHC in nontumor breast tissue. BWATi severity was quantified as number of CLS-B/cm2 Adipocyte diameter was measured using hematoxylin and eosin-stained breast tissue sections. Preoperative BMI (within 1 week prior to mastectomy) was categorized as normal (18.5-<25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0-<30.0 kg/m2), class I obesity (30.0-<35.0 kg/m2), and class II-III obesity (35.0 kg/m2 or above). Patient charts were abstracted to record clinicopathologic features and liver function tests <90 days before mastectomy. The study included 91 women (mean age 69 years; range 36-96 years). Prevalence of BWATi increased with BMI (24% in normal weight, 34% in overweight, 57% in class I obesity, and 65% in class II-III obesity; P trend <0.01). Severe BWATi (>0.27 CLS-B/cm2) was associated with higher BMI (P trend = 0.046) and greater adipocyte diameter (P = 0.04). Adjusting for BMI, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and elevated alanine aminotransferase were associated with severe BWATi, and current smoking was associated with mild BWATi (all P < 0.05). BWATi was associated with higher BMI in Hispanic/Latina patients with breast cancer, consistent with previously described associations in other populations.

Synthesis of breast cancer targeting conjugate of temporin-SHa analog and its effect on pro- and anti-apoptotic protein expression in MCF-7 cells.

The frog natural product temporin-SHa (FLSGIVGMLGKLFamide) is a potent antimicrobial peptide, as is the analog [S3K]SHa. By solid-phase synthesis, we prepared temporin-SHa and several temporin-SHa analogs with one or more D-alanine residues incorporated. The natural product and the analog [G10a]SHa were found to be cytotoxic in mammalian cell lines and induce cell death. To achieve selectivity, we conjugated the analog [G10a]SHa with a breast cancer targeting peptide (BCTP). The resulting peptide temporin [G10a]SHa-BCTP conjugate was selectively active against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with no cytotoxicity in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. Unlike the natural product or [G10a]SHa, the conjugated peptide induced apoptosis, downregulating the expression of Bcl-2 and survivin and upregulating Bax and caspase-3.